2.0 KiB
2.0 KiB
Financial Metrics Reference
Use these formulas and interpretations consistently. Metric availability may differ across US/CN/HK data providers.
1. Profitability
- Gross Margin
- Formula:
(Revenue - COGS) / Revenue * 100% - Use: Pricing power and production efficiency.
- Operating Margin
- Formula:
Operating Income / Revenue * 100% - Use: Core operating efficiency.
- Net Margin
- Formula:
Net Income / Revenue * 100% - Use: End-to-end profitability quality.
- ROE
- Formula:
Net Income / Average Equity * 100% - Use: Equity capital efficiency.
- ROIC
- Formula:
NOPAT / Invested Capital * 100% - Use: Capital allocation quality across debt and equity.
2. Growth
- Revenue Growth (YoY / QoQ)
- Formula:
(Current Revenue - Prior Revenue) / Prior Revenue * 100%
- EPS Growth
- Formula:
(Current EPS - Prior EPS) / Prior EPS * 100%
- Multi-year CAGR
- Formula:
(Ending / Beginning)^(1/Years) - 1
3. Valuation
- P/E (Trailing / Forward)
- Formula:
Price / EPS
- PEG
- Formula:
P/E / Earnings Growth Rate
- P/B
- Formula:
Price / Book Value Per Share
- P/S
- Formula:
Market Cap / Revenue
- EV
- Formula:
Market Cap + Total Debt - Cash
- EV/EBITDA
- Formula:
EV / EBITDA
- EV/Sales
- Formula:
EV / Revenue
4. Leverage and Liquidity
- Debt-to-Equity
- Formula:
Total Debt / Total Equity
- Interest Coverage
- Formula:
EBIT / Interest Expense
- Current Ratio
- Formula:
Current Assets / Current Liabilities
- Quick Ratio
- Formula:
(Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities
5. Cash Flow Quality
- Free Cash Flow (FCF)
- Formula:
Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures
- FCF Yield
- Formula:
FCF Per Share / Price * 100%
- Cash Conversion
- Formula:
FCF / Net Income
6. Interpretation Guidance
- Always compare metrics against:
- Company historical range
- Sector and direct peers
- Current macro regime
- Avoid single-metric conclusions.
- Flag where accounting standards or reporting cadence reduce cross-market comparability.