95 lines
2.0 KiB
Markdown
95 lines
2.0 KiB
Markdown
# Financial Metrics Reference
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Use these formulas and interpretations consistently. Metric availability may differ across US/CN/HK data providers.
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## 1. Profitability
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1. Gross Margin
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- Formula: `(Revenue - COGS) / Revenue * 100%`
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- Use: Pricing power and production efficiency.
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2. Operating Margin
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- Formula: `Operating Income / Revenue * 100%`
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- Use: Core operating efficiency.
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3. Net Margin
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- Formula: `Net Income / Revenue * 100%`
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- Use: End-to-end profitability quality.
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4. ROE
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- Formula: `Net Income / Average Equity * 100%`
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- Use: Equity capital efficiency.
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5. ROIC
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- Formula: `NOPAT / Invested Capital * 100%`
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- Use: Capital allocation quality across debt and equity.
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## 2. Growth
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1. Revenue Growth (YoY / QoQ)
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- Formula: `(Current Revenue - Prior Revenue) / Prior Revenue * 100%`
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2. EPS Growth
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- Formula: `(Current EPS - Prior EPS) / Prior EPS * 100%`
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3. Multi-year CAGR
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- Formula: `(Ending / Beginning)^(1/Years) - 1`
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## 3. Valuation
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1. P/E (Trailing / Forward)
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- Formula: `Price / EPS`
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2. PEG
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- Formula: `P/E / Earnings Growth Rate`
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3. P/B
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- Formula: `Price / Book Value Per Share`
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4. P/S
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- Formula: `Market Cap / Revenue`
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5. EV
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- Formula: `Market Cap + Total Debt - Cash`
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6. EV/EBITDA
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- Formula: `EV / EBITDA`
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7. EV/Sales
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- Formula: `EV / Revenue`
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## 4. Leverage and Liquidity
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1. Debt-to-Equity
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- Formula: `Total Debt / Total Equity`
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2. Interest Coverage
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- Formula: `EBIT / Interest Expense`
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3. Current Ratio
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- Formula: `Current Assets / Current Liabilities`
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4. Quick Ratio
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- Formula: `(Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities`
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## 5. Cash Flow Quality
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1. Free Cash Flow (FCF)
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- Formula: `Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures`
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2. FCF Yield
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- Formula: `FCF Per Share / Price * 100%`
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3. Cash Conversion
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- Formula: `FCF / Net Income`
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## 6. Interpretation Guidance
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1. Always compare metrics against:
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- Company historical range
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- Sector and direct peers
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- Current macro regime
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2. Avoid single-metric conclusions.
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3. Flag where accounting standards or reporting cadence reduce cross-market comparability.
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